We are preparing to arrange RAG day of 40th batch. Give your valuable suggestions. Lets help to make it memorable'. please have a look at our page-
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A Blog with Business, Technology, Financial, Sports, Economy, IT marketing, Management, Love, Education, Location info, and On-line earnings
Monday, July 23, 2012
Saturday, June 30, 2012
Your AlertPay Just Got Better!
Want even more services and flexibility from your favorite online payment processor? You got it!
- Smartphone & mobile phone friendly
- More countries and additional currencies
- Global bank wires in 4 currencies
- Enhanced customer support
- And more!
The AlertPay that you love is becoming Payza this spring – to give you exactly these things! Thanks to a recent merger with UK- based MH Pillars Ltd, a leader in prepaid card solutions, we were able to join forces to take AlertPay to the next level of online payment processing.
AlertPay brought Bangladeshis the most convenient and affordable way to receive international payments… Payza will bring you even more!
On May 14, 2012, we’re launching a redesigned website with more service offerings to bring you an even better online payment processing experience. All of your information will transition to Payza.com – so you don’t have to do a thing! Same account number, same personal and financial information, same login & password!
All Bangladeshi Account Members:
Apart from a new brand name and logo, nothing changes! All of your information stays the same:
- The same account (with your money in it)!
- The same personal, business and financial information!
- The same login and password!
BUT, you will get:
- New service offerings;
- Enhanced customer support; and
- A completely redesigned and easier-to-use website!
Saturday, April 07, 2012
Stun gun
Stun gun may refer to:
§ Electroshock weapon, an
incapacitant weapon that momentarily disables a person with an electric shock. An electroshock weapon is an incapacitant weapon used for incapacitating a person by
administering electric shock aimed at disrupting superficial
muscle functions. One type is a
conductive energy device (CED), an electroshock gun popularly known by the
brand name "Taser", which fires
projectiles that administer the shock through a thin, flexible wire. Other
electroshock weapons such as stun guns, stun batons, and electroshock belts
administer an electric shock by direct contact. A shockround is a piezo-electric tip for a projectile that generates and
releases electric charge on impact.
§ Directed-energy
weapon, a weapon that emits energy in an aimed direction without
projectile, if it causes unconsciousness. A directed-energy weapon (DEW) emits energy in an aimed direction without the means
of a projectile. It transfers energy to a target for a desired
effect. Intended effects may be non-lethal or lethal. Some such weapons are
real, or are under active research
and development.
to know more click<a href="http://www.smartstun.com/">stun gun</a>
Sunday, April 01, 2012
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the "economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time" (Carroll and Buchholtz 2003, p. 36). The concept of corporate social responsibility means that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. A traditional view of the corporation suggests that its primary, if not sole, responsibility is to its owners, or stockholders. However, CSR requires organizations to adopt a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. Collectively, the various groups affected by the actions of an organization are called "stakeholders." The stakeholder concept is discussed more fully in a later section.
Corporate social responsibility is related to, but not identical with, business ethics. While CSR encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities of organizations, business ethics usually focuses on the moral judgments and behavior of individuals and groups within organizations. Thus, the study of business ethics may be regarded as a component of the larger study of corporate social responsibility.
Carroll and Buchholtz's four-part definition of CSR makes explicit the multi-faceted nature of social responsibility. The economic responsibilities cited in the definition refer to society's expectation that organizations will produce good and services that are needed and desired by customers and sell those goods and services at a reasonable price. Organizations are expected to be efficient, profitable, and to keep shareholder interests in mind. The legal responsibilities relate to the expectation that organizations will comply with the laws set down by society to govern competition in the marketplace. Organizations have thousands of legal responsibilities governing almost every aspect of their operations, including consumer and product laws, environmental laws, and employment laws. The ethical responsibilities concern societal expectations that go beyond the law, such as the expectation that organizations will conduct their affairs in a fair and just way. This means that organizations are expected to do more than just comply with the law, but also make proactive efforts to anticipate and meet the norms of society even if those norms are not formally enacted in law. Finally, the discretionary responsibilities of corporations refer to society's expectation that organizations be good citizens. This may involve such things as philanthropic support of programs benefiting a community or the nation. It may also involve donating employee expertise and time to worthy causes.
HISTORY
The nature and scope of corporate social responsibility has changed over time. The concept of CSR is a relatively new one—the phrase has only been in wide use since the 1960s. But, while the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on organizations may differ, it is probably accurate to say that all societies at all points in time have had some degree of expectation that organizations would act responsibly, by some definition.
In the eighteenth century the great economist and philosopher Adam Smith expressed the traditional or classical economic model of business. In essence, this model suggested that the needs and desires of society could best be met by the unfettered interaction of individuals and organizations in the marketplace. By acting in a self-interested manner, individuals would produce and deliver the goods and services that would earn them a profit, but also meet the needs of others. The viewpoint expressed by Adam Smith over 200 years ago still forms the basis for free-market economies in the twenty-first century. However, even Smith recognized that the free market did not always perform perfectly and he stated that marketplace participants must act honestly and justly toward each other if the ideals of the free market are to be achieved.
In the century after Adam Smith, the Industrial Revolution contributed to radical change, especially in Europe and the United States. Many of the principles espoused by Smith were borne out as the introduction of new technologies allowed for more efficient production of goods and services. Millions of people obtained jobs that paid more than they had ever made before and the standard of living greatly improved. Large organizations developed and acquired great power, and their founders and owners became some of the richest and most powerful men in the world. In the late nineteenth century many of these individuals believed in and practiced a philosophy that came to be called "Social Darwinism," which, in simple form, is the idea that the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest are applicable to business and social policy. This type of philosophy justified cutthroat, even brutal, competitive strategies and did not allow for much concern about the impact of the successful corporation on employees, the community, or the larger society. Thus, although many of the great tycoons of the late nineteenth century were among the greatest philanthropists of all time, their giving was done as individuals, not as representatives of their companies. Indeed, at the same time that many of them were giving away millions of dollars of their own money, the companies that made them rich were practicing business methods that, by today's standards at least, were exploitative of workers.
Around the beginning of the twentieth century a backlash against the large corporations began to gain momentum. Big business was criticized as being too powerful and for practicing antisocial and anticompetitive practices. Laws and regulations, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act, were enacted to rein in the large corporations and to protect employees, consumers, and society at large. An associated movement, sometimes called the "social gospel," advocated greater attention to the working class and the poor. The labor movement also called for greater social responsiveness on the part of business. Between 1900 and 1960 the business world gradually began to accept additional responsibilities other than making a profit and obeying the law.
In the 1960s and 1970s the civil rights movement, consumerism, and environmentalism affected society's expectations of business. Based on the general idea that those with great power have great responsibility, many called for the business world to be more proactive in (1) ceasing to cause societal problems and (2) starting to participate in solving societal problems. Many legal mandates were placed on business related to equal employment opportunity, product safety, worker safety, and the environment. Furthermore, society began to expect business to voluntarily participate in solving societal problems whether they had caused the problems or not. This was based on the view that corporations should go beyond their economic and legal responsibilities and accept responsibilities related to the betterment of society. This view of corporate social responsibility is the prevailing view in much of the world today.
The sections that follow provide additional details related to the corporate social responsibility construct. First, arguments for and against the CSR concept are reviewed. Then, the stakeholder concept, which is central to the CSR construct, is discussed. Finally, several of the major social issues with which organizations must deal are reviewed.
ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
The major arguments for and against corporate social responsibility are shown in Exhibit 1. The "economic" argument against CSR is perhaps most closely associated with the American economist Milton Friedman, who has argued that the primary responsibility of business is to make a profit for its owners, albeit while complying with the law. According to this view, the self-interested actions of millions of participants in free markets will, from a utilitarian perspective, lead to positive outcomes for society. If the operation of the free market cannot solve a social problem, it becomes the responsibility of government, not business, to address the issue.
1. ARGUMENTS FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
The rise of the modern corporation created and continues to create many social problems. Therefore, the corporate world should assume responsibility for addressing these problems.
In the long run, it is in corporations' best interest to assume social responsibilities. It will increase the chances that they will have a future and reduce the chances of increased governmental regulation.
Large corporations have huge reserves of human and financial capital. They should devote at least some of their resources to addressing social issues.
2. ARGUMENTS AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Taking on social and moral issues is not economically feasible. Corporations should focus on earning a profit for their shareholders and leave social issues to others.
Assuming social responsibilities places those corporations doing so at a competitive disadvantage relative to those who do not.
Those who are most capable should address social issues. Those in the corporate world are not equipped to deal with social problems.
THE STAKEHOLDER CONCEPT
A person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.
Although stake holding is usually self-legitimizing (those who judge themselves to be stakeholders are stakeholder), all stakeholders are not equal and different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations. For example, a company’s customers are entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the company's employees. See also corporate governance.
Primary Stakeholders
Shareholders (Owners)
Employees
Customers
Business Partners
Communities
Future Generations
The Natural
Environment
Secondary Stakeholders
Local, State, and Federal Government
Regulatory Bodies
Civic Institutions and Groups
Special Interest Groups
Trade and Industry Groups
Media
Competitors
The owners of a firm are among the primary stakeholders of the firm. An organization has legal and moral obligations to its owners. These obligations include, but are not limited to, attempting to ensure that owners receive an adequate return on their investment. Employees are also primary stakeholders who have both legal and moral claims on the organization. Organizations also have specific responsibilities to their customers in terms of producing and marketing goods and services that offer functionality, safety, and value; to local communities, which can be greatly affected by the actions of resident organizations and thus have a direct stake in their operations; and to the other companies with whom they do business. Many social commentators also suggest that companies have a direct responsibility to future generations and to the natural environment.
An organization's responsibilities are not limited to primary stakeholders. Although governmental bodies and regulatory agencies do not usually have ownership stakes in companies in free-market economies, they do play an active role in trying to ensure that organizations accept and meet their responsibilities to primary stakeholder groups. Organizations are accountable to these secondary stakeholders. Organizations must also contend with civic and special interest groups that purport to act on behalf of a wide variety of constituencies. Trade associations and industry groups are also affected by an organization's actions and its reputation. The media reports on and investigates the actions of many companies, particularly large organizations, and most companies accept that they must contend with and effectively "manage" their relationship with the media. Finally, even an organization's competitors can be considered secondary stakeholders, as they are obviously affected by organizational actions. For example, one might argue that organizations have a social responsibility to compete in the marketplace in a manner that is consistent with the law and with the best practices of their industry, so that all competitors will have a fair chance to succeed.
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL ISSUES
Corporations deal with a wide variety of social issues and problems, some directly related to their operations, some not. It would not be possible to adequately describe all of the social issues faced by business. This section will briefly discuss three contemporary issues that are of major concern: the environment, global issues, and technology issues. There are many others.
1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.
Corporations have long been criticized for their negative effect on the natural environment in terms of wasting natural resources and contributing to environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. The use of fossil fuels is thought to contribute to global warming, and there is both governmental and societal pressure on corporations to adhere to stricter environmental standards and to voluntarily change production processes in order to do less harm to the environment. Other issues related to the natural environment include waste disposal, deforestation, acid rain, and land degradation. It is likely that corporate responsibilities in this area will increase in the coming years.
2. GLOBAL ISSUES.
Corporations increasingly operate in a global environment. The globalization of business appears to be an irreversible trend, but there are many opponents to it. Critics suggest that globalization leads to the exploitation of developing nations and workers, destruction of the environment, and increased human rights abuses. They also argue that globalization primarily benefits the wealthy and widens the gap between the rich and the poor. Proponents of globalization argue that open markets lead to increased standards of living for everyone, higher wages for workers worldwide, and economic development in impoverished nations. Many large corporations are multinational in scope and will continue to face legal, social, and ethical issues brought on by the increasing globalization of business.
Whether one is an opponent or proponent of globalization, however, does not change the fact that corporations operating globally face daunting social issues. Perhaps the most pressing issue is that of labor standards in different countries around the world. Many corporations have been stung by revelations that their plants around the world were "sweatshops" and/or employed very young children. This problem is complex because societal standards and expectations regarding working conditions and the employment of children vary significantly around the world. Corporations must decide which is the responsible option: adopting the standards of the countries in which they are operating or imposing a common standard world-wide. A related issue is that of safety conditions in plants around the world.
Another issue in global business is the issue of marketing goods and services in the international marketplace. Some U.S. companies, for example, have marketed products in other countries after the products were banned in the United States.
3. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES.
Another contemporary social issue relates to technology and its effect on society. For example, the Internet has opened up many new avenues for marketing goods and services, but has also opened up the possibility of abuse by corporations. Issues of privacy and the security of confidential information must be addressed. Biotechnology companies face questions related to the use of embryonic stem cells, genetic engineering, and cloning. All of these issues have far-reaching societal and ethical implications. As our technological capabilities continue to advance, it is likely that the responsibilities of corporations in this area will increase dramatically.
Corporate social responsibility is a complex topic. There is no question that the legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on businesses are greater than ever before. Few companies totally disregard social issues and problems. Most purport to pursue not only the goal of increased revenues and profits, but also the goal of community and societal betterment.
Research suggests that those corporations that develop a reputation as being socially responsive and ethical enjoy higher levels of performance. However, the ultimate motivation for corporations to practice social responsibility should not be a financial motivation, but a moral and ethical one.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the "economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time" (Carroll and Buchholtz 2003, p. 36). The concept of corporate social responsibility means that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. A traditional view of the corporation suggests that its primary, if not sole, responsibility is to its owners, or stockholders. However, CSR requires organizations to adopt a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. Collectively, the various groups affected by the actions of an organization are called "stakeholders." The stakeholder concept is discussed more fully in a later section.
Corporate social responsibility is related to, but not identical with, business ethics. While CSR encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities of organizations, business ethics usually focuses on the moral judgments and behavior of individuals and groups within organizations. Thus, the study of business ethics may be regarded as a component of the larger study of corporate social responsibility.
Carroll and Buchholtz's four-part definition of CSR makes explicit the multi-faceted nature of social responsibility. The economic responsibilities cited in the definition refer to society's expectation that organizations will produce good and services that are needed and desired by customers and sell those goods and services at a reasonable price. Organizations are expected to be efficient, profitable, and to keep shareholder interests in mind. The legal responsibilities relate to the expectation that organizations will comply with the laws set down by society to govern competition in the marketplace. Organizations have thousands of legal responsibilities governing almost every aspect of their operations, including consumer and product laws, environmental laws, and employment laws. The ethical responsibilities concern societal expectations that go beyond the law, such as the expectation that organizations will conduct their affairs in a fair and just way. This means that organizations are expected to do more than just comply with the law, but also make proactive efforts to anticipate and meet the norms of society even if those norms are not formally enacted in law. Finally, the discretionary responsibilities of corporations refer to society's expectation that organizations be good citizens. This may involve such things as philanthropic support of programs benefiting a community or the nation. It may also involve donating employee expertise and time to worthy causes.
HISTORY
The nature and scope of corporate social responsibility has changed over time. The concept of CSR is a relatively new one—the phrase has only been in wide use since the 1960s. But, while the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on organizations may differ, it is probably accurate to say that all societies at all points in time have had some degree of expectation that organizations would act responsibly, by some definition.
In the eighteenth century the great economist and philosopher Adam Smith expressed the traditional or classical economic model of business. In essence, this model suggested that the needs and desires of society could best be met by the unfettered interaction of individuals and organizations in the marketplace. By acting in a self-interested manner, individuals would produce and deliver the goods and services that would earn them a profit, but also meet the needs of others. The viewpoint expressed by Adam Smith over 200 years ago still forms the basis for free-market economies in the twenty-first century. However, even Smith recognized that the free market did not always perform perfectly and he stated that marketplace participants must act honestly and justly toward each other if the ideals of the free market are to be achieved.
In the century after Adam Smith, the Industrial Revolution contributed to radical change, especially in Europe and the United States. Many of the principles espoused by Smith were borne out as the introduction of new technologies allowed for more efficient production of goods and services. Millions of people obtained jobs that paid more than they had ever made before and the standard of living greatly improved. Large organizations developed and acquired great power, and their founders and owners became some of the richest and most powerful men in the world. In the late nineteenth century many of these individuals believed in and practiced a philosophy that came to be called "Social Darwinism," which, in simple form, is the idea that the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest are applicable to business and social policy. This type of philosophy justified cutthroat, even brutal, competitive strategies and did not allow for much concern about the impact of the successful corporation on employees, the community, or the larger society. Thus, although many of the great tycoons of the late nineteenth century were among the greatest philanthropists of all time, their giving was done as individuals, not as representatives of their companies. Indeed, at the same time that many of them were giving away millions of dollars of their own money, the companies that made them rich were practicing business methods that, by today's standards at least, were exploitative of workers.
Around the beginning of the twentieth century a backlash against the large corporations began to gain momentum. Big business was criticized as being too powerful and for practicing antisocial and anticompetitive practices. Laws and regulations, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act, were enacted to rein in the large corporations and to protect employees, consumers, and society at large. An associated movement, sometimes called the "social gospel," advocated greater attention to the working class and the poor. The labor movement also called for greater social responsiveness on the part of business. Between 1900 and 1960 the business world gradually began to accept additional responsibilities other than making a profit and obeying the law.
In the 1960s and 1970s the civil rights movement, consumerism, and environmentalism affected society's expectations of business. Based on the general idea that those with great power have great responsibility, many called for the business world to be more proactive in (1) ceasing to cause societal problems and (2) starting to participate in solving societal problems. Many legal mandates were placed on business related to equal employment opportunity, product safety, worker safety, and the environment. Furthermore, society began to expect business to voluntarily participate in solving societal problems whether they had caused the problems or not. This was based on the view that corporations should go beyond their economic and legal responsibilities and accept responsibilities related to the betterment of society. This view of corporate social responsibility is the prevailing view in much of the world today.
The sections that follow provide additional details related to the corporate social responsibility construct. First, arguments for and against the CSR concept are reviewed. Then, the stakeholder concept, which is central to the CSR construct, is discussed. Finally, several of the major social issues with which organizations must deal are reviewed.
ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
The major arguments for and against corporate social responsibility are shown in Exhibit 1. The "economic" argument against CSR is perhaps most closely associated with the American economist Milton Friedman, who has argued that the primary responsibility of business is to make a profit for its owners, albeit while complying with the law. According to this view, the self-interested actions of millions of participants in free markets will, from a utilitarian perspective, lead to positive outcomes for society. If the operation of the free market cannot solve a social problem, it becomes the responsibility of government, not business, to address the issue.
1. ARGUMENTS FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
The rise of the modern corporation created and continues to create many social problems. Therefore, the corporate world should assume responsibility for addressing these problems.
In the long run, it is in corporations' best interest to assume social responsibilities. It will increase the chances that they will have a future and reduce the chances of increased governmental regulation.
Large corporations have huge reserves of human and financial capital. They should devote at least some of their resources to addressing social issues.
2. ARGUMENTS AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Taking on social and moral issues is not economically feasible. Corporations should focus on earning a profit for their shareholders and leave social issues to others.
Assuming social responsibilities places those corporations doing so at a competitive disadvantage relative to those who do not.
Those who are most capable should address social issues. Those in the corporate world are not equipped to deal with social problems.
THE STAKEHOLDER CONCEPT
A person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.
Although stake holding is usually self-legitimizing (those who judge themselves to be stakeholders are stakeholder), all stakeholders are not equal and different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations. For example, a company’s customers are entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the company's employees. See also corporate governance.
Primary Stakeholders
Shareholders (Owners)
Employees
Customers
Business Partners
Communities
Future Generations
The Natural
Environment
Secondary Stakeholders
Local, State, and Federal Government
Regulatory Bodies
Civic Institutions and Groups
Special Interest Groups
Trade and Industry Groups
Media
Competitors
The owners of a firm are among the primary stakeholders of the firm. An organization has legal and moral obligations to its owners. These obligations include, but are not limited to, attempting to ensure that owners receive an adequate return on their investment. Employees are also primary stakeholders who have both legal and moral claims on the organization. Organizations also have specific responsibilities to their customers in terms of producing and marketing goods and services that offer functionality, safety, and value; to local communities, which can be greatly affected by the actions of resident organizations and thus have a direct stake in their operations; and to the other companies with whom they do business. Many social commentators also suggest that companies have a direct responsibility to future generations and to the natural environment.
An organization's responsibilities are not limited to primary stakeholders. Although governmental bodies and regulatory agencies do not usually have ownership stakes in companies in free-market economies, they do play an active role in trying to ensure that organizations accept and meet their responsibilities to primary stakeholder groups. Organizations are accountable to these secondary stakeholders. Organizations must also contend with civic and special interest groups that purport to act on behalf of a wide variety of constituencies. Trade associations and industry groups are also affected by an organization's actions and its reputation. The media reports on and investigates the actions of many companies, particularly large organizations, and most companies accept that they must contend with and effectively "manage" their relationship with the media. Finally, even an organization's competitors can be considered secondary stakeholders, as they are obviously affected by organizational actions. For example, one might argue that organizations have a social responsibility to compete in the marketplace in a manner that is consistent with the law and with the best practices of their industry, so that all competitors will have a fair chance to succeed.
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL ISSUES
Corporations deal with a wide variety of social issues and problems, some directly related to their operations, some not. It would not be possible to adequately describe all of the social issues faced by business. This section will briefly discuss three contemporary issues that are of major concern: the environment, global issues, and technology issues. There are many others.
1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.
Corporations have long been criticized for their negative effect on the natural environment in terms of wasting natural resources and contributing to environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. The use of fossil fuels is thought to contribute to global warming, and there is both governmental and societal pressure on corporations to adhere to stricter environmental standards and to voluntarily change production processes in order to do less harm to the environment. Other issues related to the natural environment include waste disposal, deforestation, acid rain, and land degradation. It is likely that corporate responsibilities in this area will increase in the coming years.
2. GLOBAL ISSUES.
Corporations increasingly operate in a global environment. The globalization of business appears to be an irreversible trend, but there are many opponents to it. Critics suggest that globalization leads to the exploitation of developing nations and workers, destruction of the environment, and increased human rights abuses. They also argue that globalization primarily benefits the wealthy and widens the gap between the rich and the poor. Proponents of globalization argue that open markets lead to increased standards of living for everyone, higher wages for workers worldwide, and economic development in impoverished nations. Many large corporations are multinational in scope and will continue to face legal, social, and ethical issues brought on by the increasing globalization of business.
Whether one is an opponent or proponent of globalization, however, does not change the fact that corporations operating globally face daunting social issues. Perhaps the most pressing issue is that of labor standards in different countries around the world. Many corporations have been stung by revelations that their plants around the world were "sweatshops" and/or employed very young children. This problem is complex because societal standards and expectations regarding working conditions and the employment of children vary significantly around the world. Corporations must decide which is the responsible option: adopting the standards of the countries in which they are operating or imposing a common standard world-wide. A related issue is that of safety conditions in plants around the world.
Another issue in global business is the issue of marketing goods and services in the international marketplace. Some U.S. companies, for example, have marketed products in other countries after the products were banned in the United States.
3. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES.
Another contemporary social issue relates to technology and its effect on society. For example, the Internet has opened up many new avenues for marketing goods and services, but has also opened up the possibility of abuse by corporations. Issues of privacy and the security of confidential information must be addressed. Biotechnology companies face questions related to the use of embryonic stem cells, genetic engineering, and cloning. All of these issues have far-reaching societal and ethical implications. As our technological capabilities continue to advance, it is likely that the responsibilities of corporations in this area will increase dramatically.
Corporate social responsibility is a complex topic. There is no question that the legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on businesses are greater than ever before. Few companies totally disregard social issues and problems. Most purport to pursue not only the goal of increased revenues and profits, but also the goal of community and societal betterment.
Research suggests that those corporations that develop a reputation as being socially responsive and ethical enjoy higher levels of performance. However, the ultimate motivation for corporations to practice social responsibility should not be a financial motivation, but a moral and ethical one.
How to write a Letter of transmission
April 4th, 2011
To
Nafiza Islam
Lecturer
Stamford University Bangladesh
Sub: submission of the assignment on cultural assessment of MNCS in Bangladesh.
Dear Madam,
I have great pleasure to replace before you our assignment on @Cultural Assessment of MNCS operating in Bangladesh as a part of our course @Organizational Behavior. We are the student of 40th (F) batch. We evaluate the @cultural assessment of DHL Express.
To prepare this assignment, we have gathered what we believe to be the most complete information available. We have worked hard preparing this assignment and we hope it will perfectly present the @whole organizational culture of MNCS with managing, sharing, motivating, job satisfaction etc@.
We will be always available for answering any query on this report. We request you to excuse us for any mistake that may occur in the assignment despite me best effort.
Thanking you
Sincerely yours
Monzurul Islam Chowdhury …………………………………
Moriam Acter …………………………………
Md. Hasan Islam Rubel ………………………………..
Md. Raqibul Hasan ………………………………..
To
Nafiza Islam
Lecturer
Stamford University Bangladesh
Sub: submission of the assignment on cultural assessment of MNCS in Bangladesh.
Dear Madam,
I have great pleasure to replace before you our assignment on @Cultural Assessment of MNCS operating in Bangladesh as a part of our course @Organizational Behavior. We are the student of 40th (F) batch. We evaluate the @cultural assessment of DHL Express.
To prepare this assignment, we have gathered what we believe to be the most complete information available. We have worked hard preparing this assignment and we hope it will perfectly present the @whole organizational culture of MNCS with managing, sharing, motivating, job satisfaction etc@.
We will be always available for answering any query on this report. We request you to excuse us for any mistake that may occur in the assignment despite me best effort.
Thanking you
Sincerely yours
Monzurul Islam Chowdhury …………………………………
Moriam Acter …………………………………
Md. Hasan Islam Rubel ………………………………..
Md. Raqibul Hasan ………………………………..
Natural Resources of Bangladesh
Introduction
Natural resources are most important for a country. There are many countries which directly depend on natural resources. Bangladesh is a developing country. Area of Bangladesh is small. We have also some natural resources. Some are renewable and some are non‐renewable.
Classification of natural resources of Bangladesh
In the context of Bangladesh the natural resources are classified into two types. Followings are the categories of natural resources of Bangladesh.
• Renewable Natural Resources are Water, Fish, Forested and
• Nonrenewable Mineral Natural Resources are Gas & Oil, Coal, Rock, and Sand etc.
Renewable Natural Resources
Water Resources:
Water is the available renewable natural resources of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is endowed with plenty of surface and ground water resources. Surface water inflows of the country vary from a maximum of 140,000 m3/s in August to a minimum of about 7,000 m3/s in February. Several resources of water are-
River
Bangladesh is the country of rivers. Main rivers in Bangladesh are- Padma,Meghna, Shurma, Brahmaputra, Jomuna, Kapotaksha, Matamuhuri etc.
Bay of Bengal
Another surface water source of Bangladesh is Bay of Bengal, a northern extended arm of the INDIAN OCEAN. The Bay occupies an area of about 2.2 million sq km and the average depth is 2,600m with a maximum depth of 5,258m. Bangladesh is situated at the head of the Bay of Bengal.
Fisheries resources:
Bangladesh possesses a wide range of fishes, prawns, lobsters and other crustaceans, mollusks, turtles and other fishery resources inhabiting its extensive marine and inland open waters. The total fish production of Bangladesh was estimated at 11, 72,800 m tons in 1995. Inland open water fisheries contributed 73 percent of the total fish production. In 1987, Bangladesh became third in world inland fish and shrimp production after China and India. Fisheries account for 4.7 percent of GDP, 9.1 percent of the export earnings, 6 percent of the supply of protein and about 80 percent of the animal protein intake of its population.
Forest Resources:
Forest is another renewable natural resources of Bangladesh. 16% of total land is forest-area of Bangladesh. Based on their ecological characters, the forests of Bangladesh can be divided into
1. Tropical wet evergreen,
2. Tropical semi‐evergreen,
3. Tropical moist deciduous,
4. Tidal, and
5. Planted forests
Nonrenewable mineral natural resources
Mineral Resources are mineral reserves plus all other deposits that may eventually become available. Deposits that are not economically or technologically recoverable at present, unknown deposits or those have not yet been discovered. Because of a different geological environment, important mineral deposits of Bangladesh are-
Gas:
There are 24 discovered gas fields in Bangladesh of various sizes. The total reserve of 20 gas fields is about 26 Tcf (trillion cubic feet). Gas in most of the fields is dry; in a few fields it is wet. Main gas fields of our country are- Titas, Beanibazar, Jalalabad, and Kailashtila, chatok. Currently, natural gas accounts for more than 70% of the total commercial energy consumption and the major part of the future energy demand would be met from it.
Use of Gas:
Power sector ranks the highest (44%); fertiliser sector ranks the second (28%); and industry, domestic, commercial and other sectors together rank third (22%) in gas consumption.
Coal:
Coal first discovered in the country by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) in 1959 was at great depth. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BANGLADESH (GSB) continued its efforts for exploration that resulted in the discovery of 4 coalfields. The development of underground Barapukuria Coal Mine, one of the five fields, started in June 1996, which was scheduled to be completed in May 200l, but due to some changes in mine design it will take some more time. Exploitable coal reserve of Barapukuria is 64 million ton and annual production has been estimated to be I million ton A power station will be set up with a capacity of 300MW using this coal.
Limestone:
In the early 1960s, a quarry of limestone of Eocene age with a small reserve at Takerghat in the North eastern part of the country started supplying raw materials to a cement factory. In the 1960s GSB discovered another limestone deposit in Joypurhat with a total reserve of 100 million ton. In the mid 1990s GSB discovered limestone deposit at Jahanpur and Paranagar.
Hard Rock:
Bangladesh has dearth of construction materials. A large deposit of grand diorite, quartz diorite,
GSB discovered hard rock in Maddhyapara, Dinajpur. The Rock Quality Designation (RQD)of fresh rock varies from 60% to 100%.Development of this underground hard rock mine is going on by Nam Nam Co, a North Korean company. Its production was scheduled to start in 2002 and the annual production has been estimated to be 1.65million ton.
Peat:
In Bangladesh peat deposits occur in the marshy areas of the north‐eastern, middle and south western parts with a total reserve of more than 170 million ton. Calorific value of peat ranges from 6000 to 7000 BTU/lb.
Use of Peat:
Peat can be used as fuel for domestic purposes, brick manufacturing, boilers etc.
Construction sand:
It is very much available in the riverbeds throughout the country. Sand consists mostly of quartz of medium to coarse grains. It is extensively used as construction material for buildings, bridges, roads etc all over the country.
Gravel:
Deposits of gravel are found along the piedmont areas of the HIMALAYAS in the northern boundaries of Bangladesh. These river borne gravels come from the upstream during the rainy season. Total reserve of the gravel deposits is about 10 million cu m. Gravel deposits are being exploited and used in the country.
Glass sand:
Important deposits of glass sand of the country are at Balijuri, Shahjibazar and Chauddagram at or near the surface, Maddhyapara and Barapukuria below the surface.
White Clay:
There are surface to near surface deposits of white clay in Bijoypur and Gopalpur area of Netrokonadistrict, Nalitabari of Sherpur district, Haidgaon and Baitul Izzat of Satkania upazila,Chittagong district, Maddhyapara, Barapukuria, Dighipara of Dinajpur district and Patnitalaof Naogaon district. The exposed white clay is not good in quality.
Use of white clay:
It is used in the ceramic factories of Bangladesh after mixing with high quality imported clay.
Beach sand:
Deposits of beach sand have been identified in the coastal belt and in the coastal islands of Bangladesh. Different heavy minerals and their reserves are: Zircon, Rutile, Ilmenite, Leucoxene, Kyanite, Garnet, Magnetite and Monazite.
Brick Clay:
In Bangladesh the mineralogical, chemical and engineering properties of Pleistocene and Holocene brick clays of Dhaka, Narayanganj and Narsingdi districts are well documented. The bulk chemistry and engineering properties of the Holocene and Pleistocene samples have been found satisfactory for manufacturing good quality bricks. These are being exploited and widely used in the country.
Conclusion
Not only those are natural resources but also some other elements are known as natural resources. But in Bangladesh those are the most common and important natural resources.
Natural resources are most important for a country. There are many countries which directly depend on natural resources. Bangladesh is a developing country. Area of Bangladesh is small. We have also some natural resources. Some are renewable and some are non‐renewable.
Classification of natural resources of Bangladesh
In the context of Bangladesh the natural resources are classified into two types. Followings are the categories of natural resources of Bangladesh.
• Renewable Natural Resources are Water, Fish, Forested and
• Nonrenewable Mineral Natural Resources are Gas & Oil, Coal, Rock, and Sand etc.
Renewable Natural Resources
Water Resources:
Water is the available renewable natural resources of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is endowed with plenty of surface and ground water resources. Surface water inflows of the country vary from a maximum of 140,000 m3/s in August to a minimum of about 7,000 m3/s in February. Several resources of water are-
River
Bangladesh is the country of rivers. Main rivers in Bangladesh are- Padma,Meghna, Shurma, Brahmaputra, Jomuna, Kapotaksha, Matamuhuri etc.
Bay of Bengal
Another surface water source of Bangladesh is Bay of Bengal, a northern extended arm of the INDIAN OCEAN. The Bay occupies an area of about 2.2 million sq km and the average depth is 2,600m with a maximum depth of 5,258m. Bangladesh is situated at the head of the Bay of Bengal.
Fisheries resources:
Bangladesh possesses a wide range of fishes, prawns, lobsters and other crustaceans, mollusks, turtles and other fishery resources inhabiting its extensive marine and inland open waters. The total fish production of Bangladesh was estimated at 11, 72,800 m tons in 1995. Inland open water fisheries contributed 73 percent of the total fish production. In 1987, Bangladesh became third in world inland fish and shrimp production after China and India. Fisheries account for 4.7 percent of GDP, 9.1 percent of the export earnings, 6 percent of the supply of protein and about 80 percent of the animal protein intake of its population.
Forest Resources:
Forest is another renewable natural resources of Bangladesh. 16% of total land is forest-area of Bangladesh. Based on their ecological characters, the forests of Bangladesh can be divided into
1. Tropical wet evergreen,
2. Tropical semi‐evergreen,
3. Tropical moist deciduous,
4. Tidal, and
5. Planted forests
Nonrenewable mineral natural resources
Mineral Resources are mineral reserves plus all other deposits that may eventually become available. Deposits that are not economically or technologically recoverable at present, unknown deposits or those have not yet been discovered. Because of a different geological environment, important mineral deposits of Bangladesh are-
Gas:
There are 24 discovered gas fields in Bangladesh of various sizes. The total reserve of 20 gas fields is about 26 Tcf (trillion cubic feet). Gas in most of the fields is dry; in a few fields it is wet. Main gas fields of our country are- Titas, Beanibazar, Jalalabad, and Kailashtila, chatok. Currently, natural gas accounts for more than 70% of the total commercial energy consumption and the major part of the future energy demand would be met from it.
Use of Gas:
Power sector ranks the highest (44%); fertiliser sector ranks the second (28%); and industry, domestic, commercial and other sectors together rank third (22%) in gas consumption.
Coal:
Coal first discovered in the country by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) in 1959 was at great depth. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BANGLADESH (GSB) continued its efforts for exploration that resulted in the discovery of 4 coalfields. The development of underground Barapukuria Coal Mine, one of the five fields, started in June 1996, which was scheduled to be completed in May 200l, but due to some changes in mine design it will take some more time. Exploitable coal reserve of Barapukuria is 64 million ton and annual production has been estimated to be I million ton A power station will be set up with a capacity of 300MW using this coal.
Limestone:
In the early 1960s, a quarry of limestone of Eocene age with a small reserve at Takerghat in the North eastern part of the country started supplying raw materials to a cement factory. In the 1960s GSB discovered another limestone deposit in Joypurhat with a total reserve of 100 million ton. In the mid 1990s GSB discovered limestone deposit at Jahanpur and Paranagar.
Hard Rock:
Bangladesh has dearth of construction materials. A large deposit of grand diorite, quartz diorite,
GSB discovered hard rock in Maddhyapara, Dinajpur. The Rock Quality Designation (RQD)of fresh rock varies from 60% to 100%.Development of this underground hard rock mine is going on by Nam Nam Co, a North Korean company. Its production was scheduled to start in 2002 and the annual production has been estimated to be 1.65million ton.
Peat:
In Bangladesh peat deposits occur in the marshy areas of the north‐eastern, middle and south western parts with a total reserve of more than 170 million ton. Calorific value of peat ranges from 6000 to 7000 BTU/lb.
Use of Peat:
Peat can be used as fuel for domestic purposes, brick manufacturing, boilers etc.
Construction sand:
It is very much available in the riverbeds throughout the country. Sand consists mostly of quartz of medium to coarse grains. It is extensively used as construction material for buildings, bridges, roads etc all over the country.
Gravel:
Deposits of gravel are found along the piedmont areas of the HIMALAYAS in the northern boundaries of Bangladesh. These river borne gravels come from the upstream during the rainy season. Total reserve of the gravel deposits is about 10 million cu m. Gravel deposits are being exploited and used in the country.
Glass sand:
Important deposits of glass sand of the country are at Balijuri, Shahjibazar and Chauddagram at or near the surface, Maddhyapara and Barapukuria below the surface.
White Clay:
There are surface to near surface deposits of white clay in Bijoypur and Gopalpur area of Netrokonadistrict, Nalitabari of Sherpur district, Haidgaon and Baitul Izzat of Satkania upazila,Chittagong district, Maddhyapara, Barapukuria, Dighipara of Dinajpur district and Patnitalaof Naogaon district. The exposed white clay is not good in quality.
Use of white clay:
It is used in the ceramic factories of Bangladesh after mixing with high quality imported clay.
Beach sand:
Deposits of beach sand have been identified in the coastal belt and in the coastal islands of Bangladesh. Different heavy minerals and their reserves are: Zircon, Rutile, Ilmenite, Leucoxene, Kyanite, Garnet, Magnetite and Monazite.
Brick Clay:
In Bangladesh the mineralogical, chemical and engineering properties of Pleistocene and Holocene brick clays of Dhaka, Narayanganj and Narsingdi districts are well documented. The bulk chemistry and engineering properties of the Holocene and Pleistocene samples have been found satisfactory for manufacturing good quality bricks. These are being exploited and widely used in the country.
Conclusion
Not only those are natural resources but also some other elements are known as natural resources. But in Bangladesh those are the most common and important natural resources.
Wednesday, March 21, 2012
Case Study: The Food Court (Chi-Hung)
11.
Describe your buying decision-making process the last time
you ate at a mall food court.
Answer: Last time I ate food in KFC. When selecting food court I
have to go through Six Stages of the Consumer Buying Decision Process. Actual
purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processes lead to
a purchase. Lets dicuss about those stage.
- Problem Recognition(awareness
of need)--difference between the desired
state and the actual condition. Deficit in assortment of products.
Hunger--Food. Hunger stimulates my need to eat.
Information search--
- Internal search, past experiane from KFC.
- External search from my Friends and relatives.
A
successful information search leaves me with possible alternatives, the evoked set.
Hungry, and
I want to go out and eat, evoked set is
- chinese food
- Deshi food
- KFC
- BFC
- Evaluation of Alternatives--need to establish criteria for evaluation, what i
want or do not want. Rank/weight alternatives or resume search. May decide
that i want to eat chicken fry, KFC gets highest rank etc.
- Purchase decision—Here I Choose buying alternative, includes product, package, store, method of purchase etc
- Purchase—here I ate or purchase the food from KFC.
- Post-Purchase Evaluation—outcome of my Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction after eating food. Cognitive Dissonance, have i made the right decision. This can be reduced by delivering speed, workers behaviour etc.
22. What decesion criteria influence a family making a food
court purchase?
Answer: A family, making a purchase decision will be affected by
the following three factors:
Ø
Personal
The marketer must be aware of these
factors in order to develop an appropriate MM for its target market.
Unique to a particular person.
Demographic Factors. Sex, Race, Age etc. Who in the family is responsible for
the decision making. Young people purchase things for different reasons than
older people.
Psychological factors
Psychological factors include:
- Motives--
A motive
is an internal energizing force that orients a family's activities toward
satisfying a need or achieving a goal.
Actions are effected by a set of motives, not just one. MASLOW hierarchy of needs!!
Actions are effected by a set of motives, not just one. MASLOW hierarchy of needs!!
- Physiological
- Safety
- Love and Belonging
- Esteem
- Self Actualization
Need to
determine what level of the hierarchy the consumers are at to determine what
motivates their purchases.
- Ability and Knowledge--
Need to
understand individuals capacity to learn of a family. Learning change
consumers' behavior about a product, need to give them new information re:
product...free sample etc.
- Personality--
all the internal traits and behaviors that make a person unique, uniqueness arrives from a person's heredity and personal experience. Examples include:
- Workaholism
- Compulsiveness
- Self confidence
- Friendliness
- Adaptability
- Ambitiousness
- Dogmatism
- Authoritarianism
- Introversion
- Extroversion
- Aggressiveness
- Competitiveness.
Traits
effect the way people behave as well as a family behave toward a mall food
court.
Lifestyles
are the consistent patterns people follow in their lives. Like- personal
independence and individualism and a preference for a healthy, natural
lifestyle.
Social Factors
Family’s wants, learning, motives
etc. are influenced by opinion leaders, reference groups, social class and
culture.
- Opinion leaders--
Marketers
try to attract opinion leaders...they actually use (pay) spokespeople to market
their products.
- Social Class--
families
who have similar social rank have same buying behaviour. Like- same occupation,
education, income, wealth, race, ethnic groups and possessions.
- Culture and Sub-culture--
Culture
refers to the set of values, ideas, and attitudes that are accepted by a
homogenous group of people and transmitted to the next generation.Culture also
determines what is acceptable food for a family.
Like-
muslim family’s will not buy pork as teir food. Because it is restricted by
islam.
33. Which group
should Chi-Hung target, or should he try to sell to everyone?
Answer: A food court
has many type or segments of customers. Form our case study we can see that,
Chi-Hung’s KA-PAWI has several customers.like-
·
Peoples
who came here to buy soft drinks.
·
Employees
who come here to have launch
·
Students
·
Old
persons
So
we can conclude that, if Chi-Hung target any one of those segments then it
would loose a huge number of customers. Also it will be unefficient to serve
only one type of customer. Chi-Hung should target all of the customers’ segment
and they should try to provide their best to every segments.
34. Should KA-PAWI
offer takeout? Delivery? How else can the company sell additional produtcs?
Answer: delivery speed
is one of the most important factor to bring success for a food restaurant.
KA-PAWI should create a high speed home and table delivering system so that it
can be different from others.
In addition to their food business thy need to sell
many supporting products.like-
·
soft
drinks,
·
pestry cake,
·
wine.etc.
because
some of the clients come here to buy soft drinks, specially the high school
students.
Monday, March 19, 2012
Page Rank Checker
If you are a blogger or a owner of a website that is listed by google then check your page rank. you will ranked based on 10 point. follow this step-
1. provide the URL of your domain or blog.
2. Type the anti-bot code
3. Click on Verify now button
so click here and quickly check you google page rank.
Google page rank checker
1. provide the URL of your domain or blog.
2. Type the anti-bot code
3. Click on Verify now button
so click here and quickly check you google page rank.
Google page rank checker
Sunday, March 18, 2012
IELTS( International English Language Testing System)
A New Year with any extra you wish. 1 exam, 5 Cities, 27 Days, 567 Winners.
If you are thinking of taking IELTS exam, then hurry now. Register in the month of January and win your chances on Super Cool Winter Jackets. Take part in exciting quiz contests on Facebook and win daily prizes. Registration not required for Quiz contests
Are you planning to study or train abroad? Are you applying to an institution and need to prove your level of English? Do you need to raise your standard in English? Then we can help you with an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) exam.
WHERE IS IELTS RECOGNISED?
IELTS is accepted by most UK, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand academic institutions. In the United States it is increasingly gaining recognition as an alternative to TOEFL (Teaching of English as a Foreign Language).
WHAT TYPE OF IELTS SHOULD YOU TAKE?
You can take either the Academic or General Training modules. Choose the Academic module if you are planning to undertake academic study in a higher education institution.If you are planning to undertake non-academic training or apply for immigration to Australia, Canada or New Zealand, we recommend you take the General Training module.
You will be tested in listening, reading, writing and speaking whichever module you decide to take. For further information contact our examination officer.
HOW MUCH WILL IELTS COST?
The registration fee for the exam is Tk.11,800/- for either the General Training or Academic modules. You can register for IELTS at any of our offices in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet or Service1 booth at selected Standard Chartered Bank.
WHEN AND WHERE WILL THE TEST BE?
Although test dates vary, we run a regular service so you can take your test throughout the year. Find out when you can take your test.
Usually, tests are taken at our centres in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, and Sylhet. Sometimes, you may need to take the test elsewhere - we will let you know one week before the test if this happens.
Candidates need to report at their respective venue by 11:30 am. You will take the Writing, Reading and Listening papers together. The writing and reading papers last for 60 minutes and the listening paper for approx 40 minutes.
The Speaking test is taken separately, either on the same day or on a different day, and lasts for about 15 minutes. You will receive an SMS confirmation from British Council 3 to 4 days before the test.
WHEN AND HOW WILL YOU RECEIVE YOUR RESULTS?
Results arepublished on the 12th day after the test. You can view your results on our website.
Results will be returned to you as a Test Report Form. There is no pass or fail mark. Scores are given on a band scale of one to nine (with one being a non-user and nine being an expert user of the English language).
Download or read through a copy of the IELTS handbook for more detailed information.
WHAT SUPPORT WILL YOU RECEIVE FROM BRITISH COUNCIL?
We offer many options for you to prepare for the test effectively. When you register for the test you can immediately get access to our online preparation course ROAD TO IELTS. You can also register for the One-day Workshop where a Cambridge trained Examiner will cover exam techniques, format, tips and practice tests. Cambridge Mock Tests are also available on a first come first serve basis. However, if you intend to take a longer course, you can register at our Teaching Centre for a 32 hour preparation course. In addition to all these, there is a rich collection of IELTS study materials and online tests available at our Resource Centre.
If you are thinking of taking IELTS exam, then hurry now. Register in the month of January and win your chances on Super Cool Winter Jackets. Take part in exciting quiz contests on Facebook and win daily prizes. Registration not required for Quiz contests
Are you planning to study or train abroad? Are you applying to an institution and need to prove your level of English? Do you need to raise your standard in English? Then we can help you with an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) exam.
WHERE IS IELTS RECOGNISED?
IELTS is accepted by most UK, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand academic institutions. In the United States it is increasingly gaining recognition as an alternative to TOEFL (Teaching of English as a Foreign Language).
WHAT TYPE OF IELTS SHOULD YOU TAKE?
You can take either the Academic or General Training modules. Choose the Academic module if you are planning to undertake academic study in a higher education institution.If you are planning to undertake non-academic training or apply for immigration to Australia, Canada or New Zealand, we recommend you take the General Training module.
You will be tested in listening, reading, writing and speaking whichever module you decide to take. For further information contact our examination officer.
HOW MUCH WILL IELTS COST?
The registration fee for the exam is Tk.11,800/- for either the General Training or Academic modules. You can register for IELTS at any of our offices in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet or Service1 booth at selected Standard Chartered Bank.
WHEN AND WHERE WILL THE TEST BE?
Although test dates vary, we run a regular service so you can take your test throughout the year. Find out when you can take your test.
Usually, tests are taken at our centres in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, and Sylhet. Sometimes, you may need to take the test elsewhere - we will let you know one week before the test if this happens.
Candidates need to report at their respective venue by 11:30 am. You will take the Writing, Reading and Listening papers together. The writing and reading papers last for 60 minutes and the listening paper for approx 40 minutes.
The Speaking test is taken separately, either on the same day or on a different day, and lasts for about 15 minutes. You will receive an SMS confirmation from British Council 3 to 4 days before the test.
WHEN AND HOW WILL YOU RECEIVE YOUR RESULTS?
Results arepublished on the 12th day after the test. You can view your results on our website.
Results will be returned to you as a Test Report Form. There is no pass or fail mark. Scores are given on a band scale of one to nine (with one being a non-user and nine being an expert user of the English language).
Download or read through a copy of the IELTS handbook for more detailed information.
WHAT SUPPORT WILL YOU RECEIVE FROM BRITISH COUNCIL?
We offer many options for you to prepare for the test effectively. When you register for the test you can immediately get access to our online preparation course ROAD TO IELTS. You can also register for the One-day Workshop where a Cambridge trained Examiner will cover exam techniques, format, tips and practice tests. Cambridge Mock Tests are also available on a first come first serve basis. However, if you intend to take a longer course, you can register at our Teaching Centre for a 32 hour preparation course. In addition to all these, there is a rich collection of IELTS study materials and online tests available at our Resource Centre.
Steps for UNDERGRADUATE study in UK
There are many universities in the UK, offering a variety of courses to suit all career paths and vocations. Given the range of courses on offer, it can be difficult to be sure you are choosing the right one. However, we can help. Through our databases, online resources, fact sheets and face-to-face advice, we can help you choose a course that's right for you.
Why study in the UK?
The UK offers a wealth of undergraduate courses at a wide range of institiutions, each with its own unique character and cultural life. The UK education style is personal, with a high level of student support, ensuring that you will be fully supported in your studies
The UK also offers a truly global community, which provides a welcoming environment for international students, plus the chance to meet with many othe students from around the world. And because the UK is at the forefront of much scientific and creative innovation, you will be learning from some of the world’s top researchers, practitioners and intellects.
How do I apply?
Applying to a UK university is made easy through UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). Through this system, you can apply to a maximum of five choices on one form.
What courses are on offer?
Depending on your current qualifications and finances, you will be able to study as an undergraduate in the arts, humanities sciences, law or medicine. The most popular undergraduate qualifications are the Bachelor's degrees (also called undergraduate or first degrees), which are now required for entry into a wide range of careers in the UK and other countries. UK degree programmes incorporate the most up-to-date subject developments, and are underpinned by world-class research and links with business and industry. Courses vary considerably according to the university or college in which you study.
You can check individual prospectuses for each university on our EducationUK website or come to our offices in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet to see the printed prospectuses. You can also read the Subject Review Reports on the QAA (Quality Assurance Agency) website; these look at the quality of the teaching of each subject, the students' learning experience, and the support/guidance available to them.
How long will my degree take to complete?
Degrees usually take three years to complete, although arts degrees often require a foundation qualification prior to the degree course (which takes one year); law and medicine degrees usually three years but can be four, especially in Scotland. Architecture, medicine, dentistry and veterinary sciences degrees are five to seven years. (see specific subject sheets in this series).
What are the entrance requirements?
Entrance requirements vary according to the subject and the popularity of your chosen course (some insitutions are highly regarded for particular subjects, so finding a place is more difficult). You should get details of the course specfic entry requirements from the institution’s current prospectus or direct from the faculty. An institution would want to know that you have met both its general requirements and those of the course. Generally, the basic requirements are: five subject passes (two GCE A-levels and three GCSE at grade C minimum), or
four subject passes (three GCE A-levels and one GCSE at grade C minimum), or
equivalent UK qualifications (such as Scottish Standards and Highers, and vocational A-levels), or
equivalent overseas qualifications - you download the equivalencies or contact us for more information
You should be able to speak and write English well. You may be asked to provide formal proof of your standard. It is worth checking this early to make sure you have enough time to take an English language test if required. Most universities and colleges will accept one of the following:
International English Language Testing System (IELTS) band 6 or above
Cambridge Proficiency of English or Cambridge Advanced English grade
CTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) score 550 or higher.
How much will it cost?
International students from outside the EU pay international student fees, which range from £6,250 (Arts) to £18,000 (Clinical) per year. Most students in the UK need about £600 a month to live on. This will cover where you live, your food, clothes and basic needs. Some universities offer scholarships, but there is a lot of competition for these and you should not depend on it. The majority of scholarships are for postgraduate students.
What should I do about accommodation?
Normally international students are offered accommodation on the university campus during the foundation course. Alternatively, there are many other types of accommodation available - some students prefer to rent a flat or room, while others share a house. You can find out more about types of accommodation available on the UKCISA – UK Council for International Student Affairs Contact us if you need further information.
Am I allowed to work while I’m studying?
If you are studying for longer than six months, UK Immigration Dept will permit you to work for up to twenty hours per week, and full-time during college/university holidays.
You will normally be able to find jobs advertised in local shops, newspapers, job centres or on the university notice boards.
Will I have to pay for health care?
Students studying for more than six months can visit any National Health hospital or doctor, for medical treatment, free of charge. You may have to pay for any medication you are prescribed and dental treatment.
How can we help?
If you need more information, need an UCAS form, or simply want to make sure you're making the right decision, please contact us or visit our centre.
Why study in the UK?
The UK offers a wealth of undergraduate courses at a wide range of institiutions, each with its own unique character and cultural life. The UK education style is personal, with a high level of student support, ensuring that you will be fully supported in your studies
The UK also offers a truly global community, which provides a welcoming environment for international students, plus the chance to meet with many othe students from around the world. And because the UK is at the forefront of much scientific and creative innovation, you will be learning from some of the world’s top researchers, practitioners and intellects.
How do I apply?
Applying to a UK university is made easy through UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). Through this system, you can apply to a maximum of five choices on one form.
What courses are on offer?
Depending on your current qualifications and finances, you will be able to study as an undergraduate in the arts, humanities sciences, law or medicine. The most popular undergraduate qualifications are the Bachelor's degrees (also called undergraduate or first degrees), which are now required for entry into a wide range of careers in the UK and other countries. UK degree programmes incorporate the most up-to-date subject developments, and are underpinned by world-class research and links with business and industry. Courses vary considerably according to the university or college in which you study.
You can check individual prospectuses for each university on our EducationUK website or come to our offices in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet to see the printed prospectuses. You can also read the Subject Review Reports on the QAA (Quality Assurance Agency) website; these look at the quality of the teaching of each subject, the students' learning experience, and the support/guidance available to them.
How long will my degree take to complete?
Degrees usually take three years to complete, although arts degrees often require a foundation qualification prior to the degree course (which takes one year); law and medicine degrees usually three years but can be four, especially in Scotland. Architecture, medicine, dentistry and veterinary sciences degrees are five to seven years. (see specific subject sheets in this series).
What are the entrance requirements?
Entrance requirements vary according to the subject and the popularity of your chosen course (some insitutions are highly regarded for particular subjects, so finding a place is more difficult). You should get details of the course specfic entry requirements from the institution’s current prospectus or direct from the faculty. An institution would want to know that you have met both its general requirements and those of the course. Generally, the basic requirements are: five subject passes (two GCE A-levels and three GCSE at grade C minimum), or
four subject passes (three GCE A-levels and one GCSE at grade C minimum), or
equivalent UK qualifications (such as Scottish Standards and Highers, and vocational A-levels), or
equivalent overseas qualifications - you download the equivalencies or contact us for more information
You should be able to speak and write English well. You may be asked to provide formal proof of your standard. It is worth checking this early to make sure you have enough time to take an English language test if required. Most universities and colleges will accept one of the following:
International English Language Testing System (IELTS) band 6 or above
Cambridge Proficiency of English or Cambridge Advanced English grade
CTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) score 550 or higher.
How much will it cost?
International students from outside the EU pay international student fees, which range from £6,250 (Arts) to £18,000 (Clinical) per year. Most students in the UK need about £600 a month to live on. This will cover where you live, your food, clothes and basic needs. Some universities offer scholarships, but there is a lot of competition for these and you should not depend on it. The majority of scholarships are for postgraduate students.
What should I do about accommodation?
Normally international students are offered accommodation on the university campus during the foundation course. Alternatively, there are many other types of accommodation available - some students prefer to rent a flat or room, while others share a house. You can find out more about types of accommodation available on the UKCISA – UK Council for International Student Affairs Contact us if you need further information.
Am I allowed to work while I’m studying?
If you are studying for longer than six months, UK Immigration Dept will permit you to work for up to twenty hours per week, and full-time during college/university holidays.
You will normally be able to find jobs advertised in local shops, newspapers, job centres or on the university notice boards.
Will I have to pay for health care?
Students studying for more than six months can visit any National Health hospital or doctor, for medical treatment, free of charge. You may have to pay for any medication you are prescribed and dental treatment.
How can we help?
If you need more information, need an UCAS form, or simply want to make sure you're making the right decision, please contact us or visit our centre.
TRK thoughts: sports news and history
TRK thoughts: sports news and history: here you will find huge information about cricket, football, race, and other sports. if you have more query , then you can comment. i will ...
Thursday, March 15, 2012
T20 World Cup 2012
T20 World Cup 2012 will begin on Tuesday, September 18, 2012 in Sri Lanka as per cricket schedule announced. ICC World Twenty20 2012 is an international tournament to be organized by Sri Lanka. T20 World Cup 2012 will consist of 27 Twenty20 matches to be hosted by Sri Lanka in Sep-Oct 2012.
The T20 World Cup 2012 tournament is a part of Future Cricket Tour Programs (FTP) prepared by International Cricket Council (ICC). Sri Lanka will host this tournament, beginning on September 18, 2012. In T20 World Cup 2012 bilateral series, first T20 match would be between Sri Lanka - Zimbabwe on Sep 18, 2012 at 19:30 local time to be played at Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota.
The T20 World Cup 2012 tournament is a part of Future Cricket Tour Programs (FTP) prepared by International Cricket Council (ICC). Sri Lanka will host this tournament, beginning on September 18, 2012. In T20 World Cup 2012 bilateral series, first T20 match would be between Sri Lanka - Zimbabwe on Sep 18, 2012 at 19:30 local time to be played at Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota.
List of FIFA World Cup finals Winners
Year Winner
1930 .................................Uruguay
1934...................................Italy
1938.................................. Italy
1950..................................Uruguay
1954.............................West Germany
1958.................................. Brazil
1962...................................Brazil
1966................................ England
1970 ...................................Brazil
1974............................ West Germany
1978 ...............................Argentina
1982 ...................................Italy
1986 ...............................Argentina
1990 ............................West Germany
1994 ..................................Brazil
1998 .................................France
2002 ..................................Brazil
2006 ....................................Italy
2010 ..................................Spain
for detail, please visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals
1930 .................................Uruguay
1934...................................Italy
1938.................................. Italy
1950..................................Uruguay
1954.............................West Germany
1958.................................. Brazil
1962...................................Brazil
1966................................ England
1970 ...................................Brazil
1974............................ West Germany
1978 ...............................Argentina
1982 ...................................Italy
1986 ...............................Argentina
1990 ............................West Germany
1994 ..................................Brazil
1998 .................................France
2002 ..................................Brazil
2006 ....................................Italy
2010 ..................................Spain
for detail, please visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals
Wednesday, March 14, 2012
Address and Telephone No. of Major Hospitals in Bangladesh
Al-Raji Hospital Ltd.
12, FarmgateDhaka. Phone:329186, 326033, 8119229 |
| Apollo Hospitals Plot: 81, Block: E, Bashundhara R/A Dhaka. Tel : 880 2 9891661-2 Mobile: 88 01713 046684, 88 01713 046685 Fax : 880 2 9896139 |
| Armed Forces Medical College Zia Colloni, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka. |
|
Shahbag, Dhaka. PHONE : 88 02 9661051-6, 88 02 8614545-9, 88 02 8612550-4 |
| Bangladesh Eye Hospital House # 19/1, Road # 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka - 1205, Bangladesh. Phone:+880 2 8651950, 8651951, 8651952, 8651953 |
Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM)
Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Phone: 9661551-60, 8616641
|
| Bangladesh Medical College Hospital(BMC) Road No: 14/A, House No: 33&35 Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh Tel: 880-2-9118202, 9120792-3, 9124619, 8115843 Fax: 880-2-9125655 E-mail: bmch@bangla.net |
Bangladesh Railway Hospital
Phone:502220
|
Barisal Medical College Hospital
Barisal. |
BDR (Bangladesh Rifles) Hospital
Dhaka. |
| CENTRAL HOSPITAL LTD House # 2, Road # 5, Green Road, Dhanmondi Dhaka Phone: +880-2-9660015-19, 017523400 Fax: +880-2-8619321 Email: chl@bol-online.com |
Center for the rehabilitation of the paralysed(CRF)
Post CRP Chapin, SavarDhaka Phone: +880-2-7710464-5, 7711766 Fax: +880-2-7110069 Email: crp@bangla.net |
China-Bangla (JV) Ltd.
Plot# 1, Road # 7,Sector # 1, UttaraDhaka Phone: 8913674, 8913606 |
Chittagong Medical College Hospital
Chittagong, Bangladesh.
|
Chittagong Metropolitan Hospital (Pvt.) Ltd
948, OR. Nizam Road
Chittagong. Phone: 031-651242 |
Cholera Hospital
Mohakhali, Dhaka
Phone:8802600171-8 |
CMH (Combined Military Hospital)
Dhaka Cantonment |
Continental Hospital Ltd.
10, GulshanDhaka, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh |
| City Dental College & Hospital 1085 / 1, Malibagh Chowdhury Para Dhaka - 1219 Bangladesh. E-mail :cdcdoza@accesstel.net Phone : 880-2-9341662 - 4 880-2-8313305 Fax :880-2-9338470 |
| Crescent Gastro-liver & General Hospital 22/2, Babar Road (Mirpur Road) Dhaka Phone: 8119775, 9117524 |
Crescent Hospital & Diagnostic Complex Ltd
22/2, Babar Road (Mirpur Road)Dhaka Phone: 8119775, 9117524 |
| Dhaka community Hospital 190/1, Baro Moghbazar, Wireless Railgate Dhaka-1217, Bangladesh. Phone : (+880-2) 9351190-1, 8314887 Fax : (+ 880-2) 9338706 E-mail : dch@bangla.net |
DHAKA GENERAL HOSPITAL (PVT) LTD.
17,Hatkhola Lane, Swamibagh New RoadDhaka Phone: 235351, 246708 Fax : 880-2-9569455 |
| Dhaka Medical College Hospital Phone: 500121-6 505025-29, 502529 100 Ramna, Dhaka 1000 |
Dhaka National Medical Institute Hospital
53 Johnson Road,Dhaka 1100 Tel: +880 2 233 469 |
| Dhaka Shishu Hospital Dhaka |
Dinajpur Medical College
Dinajpur |
| Faridpur Medical College Faridpur Bangladesh 7800 Telephone: +880-631-62744 Fax: +880-631-62744 |
| Gonoshastaya Nagar Hospital House # 14/E, Road-6, Dhanmondi Dhaka Phone: +880-2-8617208, 9673512, 8617383 Fax: +880-2-8613567 Email: gk@citechco.net |
Green Hospital
Green roadDhaka |
Ibne Sina Hospital
House # 68, Road-15/A, Dhanmondi R/ADhaka Phone: +880-2-8113709, 8119513-5 |
Islami Bank Hospital
34-B, Outer Circular Road, South ShajahanpurDhaka Phone: +880-2-8317090 Fax: +880-2-8318715 Email: ibhdhaka@aitlbd.net |
| Islamia Eye Hospital Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh Tel : 8112856, 9119315 |
| Jahurul Islam Medical College Bhagalpur, Bajitpur, Kishoregonj Bangladesh. Phone : 880-9423-64202 64315 Fax : 880-9423-64207 |
| Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College Sunamgonj Road, Sylhet - 3100 Bangladesh Phone: 0821 - 719096 Fax: 0821 - 719096 e-mail: office@jrrmc.edu.bd |
Japan-Bangladesh Friendship Hospital
House#27, Road#114, Gulshan#2Dhaka Phone: 8828855, 8827575 Fax: 88-02-8826497 |
Jessore Medical College
Jessore, Bangladesh. |
| Labaid Cardiac Hospital House # 1, Road # 4, Dhanmondi, Dhaka - 1205 Phone: +880-2-8610793-8, 9670210-3, 8631177, 01819-215890 E-mail: admin_lch@labaidgroup.com marketing_lch@labaidgroup.com hospitalcoordinator_lch@labaidgroup.com |
| Lion Eye Hospital Agargaon ( Near IDB), Dhaka. |
Medinova Hospital
House # 71/A Road # 5/A, Dhanmondi R/ADhaka Phone: +880-2-8620353-7, 8624907-10 Email: medinova@accesstel.net |
Mitford Hospital
Mitford, DhakaPhone:7319002-6 |
METROPOLITAN MEDICAL CENTER LTD.
MohakhaliDhaka Phone: 606364, 601477 |
Mojibunnessa Eye Hospital
House-11, Road-15(New), Dhanmondi RADhaka Phone: 9113057, 9130638 |
Monowara Hospital (Pvt) Ltd.
54, Siddheswari RoadDhaka. Phone: +880-2-8318135, 8318529 Fax: +880-2-9336595 Email: monowara@citechco.net |
Mymensingh Medical College Hospital
Mymensingh, Bangladesh. |
Nibedita Shishu Hospital Ltd.
111. Hair Street, WariDhaka Phone: 239473 |
North Bengal Medical College
JC Road, Dhanbandhi, SirajgongPhone: 0751-65633 |
People's University - Gono Bishwabiddyaloy, Institute of Health Sciences
P.O. MirzanagarSavar Cantonment. Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh E-mail : gbidyala@bdonline.com, Fax : 880-2-7708316 Vice-Chancellor: 7708002 Registrar : 7708230 |
Rajshahi Medical College Hospital
Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
|
Rangpur Medical College
Rangpur, Bangladesh |
Red Crescent Holy Famiy Hospital
Eskaton, Dhaka.Phone: 8311721-25 |
Royal Hospital (Pvt) Ltd.
31, Eskaton RoadDhaka Phone: 8313096 |
| Salimullah medical College Hospital
Mitford, Dhaka-1100
Bangladesh. Tel: 7315076, 7314786 Fax: 880-2-7314786 E-mail: info@ssmc.edu |
Samorita Hospital Ltd.
89/1, PanthapathDhaka Phone: +880-2-9131901 Fax: +880-2-9129971 Email: samorita@bangla.net |
Shahid Suhrawardi Hospital
Ser-e-Banglanagar, CollegegateDhaka Phone: 9122560 |
Shahid Ziaur Rahman Medical College (SZMC)
Bogra, Bangladesh |
| South Asia Hospital Ltd 25 Green Road, Pantahpath Dhaka-1205, Phone: 8616565, 9665852 |
| Square Hospital Ltd 18/F West Panthapath, Dhaka - 1205, Bangladesh. Phone No: 8159457 (10 Numbers), 8142431 (10 Numbers), 8141522(10 Numbers), 8144400(10 Numbers), 8142333(10Numbers), Operator Help -9, |
| Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Sylhet, Bangladesh. |
| United Hospital Ltd Plot 15, Road 71, Gulshan Dhaka-1212. Bangladesh Phone:+88 2 8836444 +88 2 8836000 +88 2 8836446 Webmail:info@uhlbd.com |
Universal Medical Hospital
Nurer Chala, Besides Kolotan Public SchoolNotun Bazar, Dhaka Phone: 8813375 |
Uttara Central Hospital
Sector : 1, Uttara, DhakaPhone: 8911551 |
YAMAGATA DHAKA FRIENDSHIP HOSPITAL
6/7 Black-A, LalmatiaDhaka Phone: 9129354 Fax: 880-2-9129354 |
|
Monica Estate, Western Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh Telephone:(880-2) 811-5951 (880-2) 811-3313 Fax: (880-2) 811-5965 Email: Info@SikderHospital.com Admission@SikderHospital.com |
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